Lemon verbena (Lippia citriodora) is a medicinal plant, belonging to Verbenaceae family and essential oil has accumulated in its vegetative and reproductive parts. This study was to evaluate the quantity and quality of seed essential oil of lemon verbena (Lippia citriodora). After preparing healthy cuttings and treatment of them for IBA, root cuttings were transferred to the greenhouse for culture and care. After flowering and fruit ripening, seeds were collected and the seed essential oil was obtained by hydro-distillation method (30 grams of seed) and was dehydrated using dry sodium sulfate. The essential oil was analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Results showed oil output in operation was 31%. Twelve major compositions containing 80.12% of the total oil were identified. The main compounds of this essential oil were Geranial (34.1%), Neral (26.01%) and Limonene (7.04%). The amount of these compounds had increased so significant in comparison with these values in essential oil from vegetative parts.

The doctrine that the content of the conclusion of a deductively valid argument is included in the content of its premises, taken jointly, is a familiar one. It has important consequences for the question of what value valid arguments possess, since it indicates the poverty of three traditional answers: that arguments may and should be used as instruments of persuasion, that they may and should be used as instruments of justification; and that they may and should be used to advance knowledge. The truth is, however, that in each of these cases the argument has only a managerial role and, if there is any work done, it is the premises that do it. It will be maintained that this point has little force against the critical rationalist answer, which I shall defend, that the principal purpose of deductive reasoning from an assemblage of premises is the exploration of their content, facilitating their criticism and rejection. That said, the main aim of the present paper is not to promote critical rationalism but to consider some published objections to the doctrine that a statement asserts every statement that is validly deducible from it. The alleged counterexamples to be considered fall roughly into two groups: statements that emerge with time from a rich mathematical or empirical theory, but were originally unformulated and are deducible from the theory only in a non-trivial way (Frederick 2011, 2014; Williamson 2012); and statements, notably disjunctions, that are easily formulated and are deducible from a theory in a trivial way (Schurz & Weingartner 1987; Mura 1990, 2008; Gemes 1994; Yablo 2014). Each of these counterexamples will be evaluated and dismissed.

The main objective of this study was to understand of genetic association between quantitative and qualitative traits and also to quantify effects of selection for one trait on others in safflower. The study took place in the experimental field of the faculty of agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran, in the 2001 and 2002. To find the best variable for selection to improve evaluated traits the correlated response to selection was calculated. The correlated response to selection indicates when selection takes place for a trait what happens for other related traits. The results indicated that, among all correlated traits with seed yield per plant the highest progress can be obtained by selection for increasing the number of head per plant, because correlated response to selection for number of head per plant was bigger than others. After the number of head per plant, the most important trait for improving of seed yield was number of seed per head. Also, if shortening of time to maturity be the aim of breeding project, the best choice is selection of dwarf genotypes, because the highest increasing of correlated response to selection was observed for plant height. On the results of this study it was proposed that evaluation of casual association between yield components and designing of ideotype in safflower must be done with considering of genetic correlations between all related traits and for selection of one trait much attention should be pay to its correlations with other traits. Our findings shows that increasing the number of head per plant improve seed yield and additionally decrease number of seed per head, and this can reduce amount of yield improving.Therefore, it seems necessary that for improving seed yield in safflower a suitable selection index would be defined. Plant height was the best variable for increasing oil content in indirect selection, because the results showed that its correlated response to selection was higher than other traits.

A fild study was conducted at farm of Damavand in 2006 to find out the effects of different levels of nitrogen and potassium on oil and protein percent of canola(Brassica napus) . A randomized complete block deisgn experiment was carried out with four replication that consisted of ten levels the results indicated that this levels had significant effection on protein, oil and 1000 seed weight on %5 level. But on the grain yield had no significant effectt. Increasing the nitrogen and potassium levels protein percent increased, but increased between N250K150 and N250K100 levels was higher all different fertilizer levels. Intraction of nitrogen and potassium fertilizer changed on oil percent so with almost increase of N on N150K100 levels in maximum. Meanwhile different fertilizer levels on grain yield and 1000 seedweight on the N200K150 was maximum.

Kelussia odoratissima Mozaff. is a plant belonging to the Apiaceae family which has got high nutrition and medicinal value and is extensively used for treatment several diseases. The objective of this research was determination of content and composition of fatty acids, total phenolic content and essential oil content on K. odoratissima seed. Extraction of total phenolics content carried out by Folin-Ciocalteu method and the absorbance at 750 nm was measured by spectrophotometer. Results showed that total phenolic content was 288.15 mg GAE/g DW in seed. Hydro distillation by Clevenger-type apparatus was used for the extraction of essential oil. 2.1% essential oil was obtained in the experiment. Moreover, extracting from the seeds was done using Soxhelet method, in addition to measuring fatty acids by GC. The results showed K. odoratissima seeds contain 25% oil. The major fatty acid present in seeds (75.35% of % total) was C18:1 including petroselininc acid (C18:1(n-12)) and oleic acid (C18:1(n-9)). Other fatty acids were including linoleic acid (19.14%), palmitic acid (6.65%), stearic acid (1.9%) and linolenic acid (.95%).

In order to study the effect of nitrogen levels and plant density on seed yield, essential oil and oil content of Coriander seeds, an experiment was conducted in agricultural station of Qazvin and natural resources research center in 2005. The experiment was laid out by adopting split plot design with four replications, main plots were nitrogen: 30, 60 and 90 kg/ha and subplots were plant density including: 20, 30, 40 and 50 plant/m2. seed yield, essential oil, oil content and yield were determined. Results showed nitrogen and plant density effected on seed yield, essential oil, fatty acids. With increasing of nitrogen to 60 kg/ha, there was a significant increase in seed yield. The seed yield was decreased with more nitrogen. But the highest essential oil content and fatty acids were obtained with 90 kg nitrogen /ha. With increasing of plant density, seed yield and oil content had a significant decrease. seed yield and oil content were higher in 30 plant/m2, while essential oil was higher in 40 plant/m2 that there was no difference with 30 plant/m2 in this respect. Comparing of treatments showed that the highest seed yield and essential oil yield were obtained by using 60 kg nitrogen/ha while there was the highest essential oil content, content and yield of oil with the application of 90kg nitrogen/ha with 30 plant/m2.

Introduction: Grape seed oil is important to human health due to its very pleasant taste, odor, as well as its high nutritional values. Consumption of the grape seed oil in the diet has been increasing in recent years. Long periods of heating will deteriorate the oil and fried products due to oxidative and hydrolytic changes and reactions. Therefore, accurate control of the frying processes and changes are quiet essential. Materials and Methods: In this study, the effects of deep frying at 180  C (24 and 48 hours) on some chemical characteristics of grape seed oil namely sterol profile and fatty acid composition have been studied using chromatography techniques. Results: The results indicated that, the predominant fatty acid was linoleic acid, and by increasing the heating period, more unsaturated fatty acids namely linoleic acid was decreased due to oxidation. The phytosterols study showed that beta-sitosterol was the predominant phytosterol and deep fat frying did not affect its concentration. Conclusion: Due to the high concentration of linoleic acid and beta-sitosterol in grape seed oil, it might be stated that the oil has a high nutritional value, but considering the changes during frying it might not be recommended for frying practices.

Caper (Capparis spinose L.) from Capparaceae is a multipurpose plant that is well adapted to semi-arid and nutrient-poor soils. This research was conducted to investigate the oil content and fatty acids composition in some populations of Iranian caper seeds. According to the results, the seed oil content ranged from 31.59 to 35 % in different caper populations. The highest unsaturated fatty acid (UFA) content of approximately 91.25% and saturated fatty acid (SFA) with 11.14% was related to Germi (GE), and Kelid Daghi (KD) population, respectively. The highest content of linoleic acid and oleic acid was observed in populations of Dasht Moghan (53.33%) and Mahalat (46.57%). A Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was performed with the main fatty acids. The first component (PC1) was contributed by the content of linoleic acid, oleic acid, linolenic acid, palmitoleic acid, margaric acid, and stearic acid content. Cluster analysis based on all biochemical properties showed three separated clusters including (1) Damavand (DA), Booinzahra (BO) and Kelid Daghi (KD), (2) Germi (GE) population, and (3) Mahalat (MA), Tafresh (TA) and Delijan (DL). Furthermore, clusters of (1) DA and TA, (2) KD and GE, and (3) BO, MA, and DL were found based on climatic characteristics. The fatty acid profile of C. spinosa seed oil highlights its potential as a future alternative for the edible oilseed, especially in subtropical regions.